Catur means four, and is a reference to the 4th house. Asraya (Āśraya) means shelter, protection, refuge. Hence Chaturashraya is a reference to the 4th house, and the protection to the 4th house, namely 8th house. This is also the reason why the 8th house is also called the fort or durg, that which protects our kendra (4th house).
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